The Take Away. It uses a highly interconnected system of structures and events to quickly create these changes as it serves as an important survival mechanism. Two types of galanin receptors, GalR1 and GalR2, contribute to the inhibition of epileptic. And because “smell and emotion are stored as one memory,” said Goldworm, childhood tends to be the period in which you create “the basis for smells you will like and hate for the rest of your life. Image Quiz. Frequent irritability. SLK is characterized by a papillary reaction of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, an inflamed. Conditioning. Martin Teicher discussed his work on early childhood maltreatment as a stressor that initiates a cascade of neurohumoral and physiological responses and leads to impaired brain development. Named for its location, the frontal lobe is situated toward the front of the cerebrum, just behind the forehead and under the frontal skull bones. The forebrain plays a central role in the processing of information related to complex cognitive activities. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating thirst and water balance in the body. Mentioned in: Amnesia, Anxiety, Psychosurgery. HippocampusEmotions modulate behavioral priorities via central and peripheral nervous systems. Flinching after your sibling says "Titanic" when he has repeatedly splashed you with water on previous occasions of saying this word. This blog post will discuss what the Limbic System does and how it. Olfactory epithelium: specialized type of epithelial. A large body of evidence indicates that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in certain forms of memory work (Barbey, et al. limbic system: [noun] a group of subcortical structures (such as the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain that are concerned especially with emotion and motivation. The limbic system is an aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem. Intrinsic nuclei relay nerve signals and information between the input nuclei and output. The limbic “lobe” is not a well-defined lobe like other areas of the cortex. Quiz Type. ; The limbic system lies. Figuring out a tip for a waiter. Of course, being limbic is a complication and, if limbic types tend to have artistic interests and abilities, as reckful says, then maybe there are quite a few limbic NTs in the arts and humanities. Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an autoimmune subtype of encephalitis []. Sign up. In parallel to the detection of new neuronal autoantibodies, the diagnosis of non-infectious limbic encephalitis has risen. Which is not a general function of the nervous system? third. Although the ease with which the seizures can be induced and the rapidity with which they spread depends on which site is stimulated, all of the limbic sites can induce the same seizure. The term limbic used by Broca referred to structures that are at the border or edge (the literal meaning of limbic) of the hemispheres (when seen in. 232,144 times. Human geographers examine the spatial distribution of human populations, religions, languages, ethnicities, political systems, economics, urban dynamics, and other components of human activity. You have two temporal lobes, one on each side of your head behind your temples (by your ears and in alignment with your eyes). Much like a GIS, our brains are spatial. Key components include the amygdala,. The limbic system. It also helps to regulate autonomic motor function. cortex B. 12). The limbic system is a set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory. Learn more. The Limbic® concept (Häusel, 2009) is an acknowledged and frequently used approach in praxis that provides several tools for marketing and retail consultancy. The blood-brain barrier is necessary because in the brain, unlike in most of the body, the cells that form the capillary walls are tightly sealed, for example, to protect it from harm. It sits atop the temporal lobe, in front of the parietal lobe, and apart from the occipital lobe, with portions of the. Each tract runs bilaterally; one on each side of the. The limbic system is made up of a number of different structures, but three of the most important are the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus (Figure 2). The term LE was first used in 1968 by Corsellis and colleagues though the literature now recognizes that inflammatory damage is not confined to the limbic region but can progress to other areas of the brain []. For purposes of study and medical diagnosis, the cingulate gyrus is divided into. Other articles where septum is discussed: aggressive behaviour: Neuroendocrine influences:. Rudolf Nieuwenhuys expanded the limbic system by adding extensive medial and lateral tegmental areas throughout the brain stem to the greater limbic system ( Fig. A lobotomy, also called a leucotomy, is a type of psychosurgery that. Likes. Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition, as. Add to playlist. The amygdala plays a key role in gathering social cues to context-appropriate responses that require refined motor behavior, involving either direct or indirect connections with sensorimotor-related areas. Therefore, it was called the limbic system; arising from the Latin word limbus, meaning edge. It is the part of the brain that feels. For example, we know that when we touch something hot (stimulus) the neural response occurs and it registers as pain. There are three main types of white. It is divided into 3 major areas defined by their anatomy and function. Schneider, G. Advertisement. the part of the brain that is involved in attention, sleep, and arousal. GABA is a type of neurotransmitter. The lobes of the cerebrum are actually divisions of the cerebral cortex based on the locations of the major gyri and sulci. the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex. It divides into globus pallidus internus (GPi) and globus pallidus externus (GPe). Kindling studies have shown that it is quite possible to induce the same type of behavioral seizure through stimulation of a number of different limbic sites . Geospatial data is information related to geospatial entities, such as points, lines, and polygons. Table 8. prefrontal cortex e. LS Nts neurons co-express several molecules including Glp1r (glucagon-like peptide one receptor) and manipulations of Glp1r signaling in the LS recapitulates the behavioral effects of LS Nts activation. Multimodal—from the posterior parietal (the “where” or dorsal pathway) or lateral temporal (the “what” or ventral pathway) cortex. The Limbic® personas can be used in many ways as a tool for neuromarketing. Myelin helps to facilitate nerve impulse transmission. •Primary Sensory Cortex – makes you aware of a sensation. Does it alone account for unique personalities and emotional responses as human beings? Which of these does not belong to the limbic system? a. The cortical areas within the limbic lobe, together with certain adjacent deep structures, are known as the. The progression of the dorsal and ventral streams for cognition and memory across the four levels or cortical types is illustrated in Fig. The so-called limbic lobe includes the cortex on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere that forms a rim around the corpus callosum, including the cingulate gyrus. Symptoms may reflect the propensity to involve the inferomedial frontal and temporal lobes – hallucinations, seizures, personality changes and aphasia. Midbrain - connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. Limbic Lobe. PostGIS is that the workload can be distributed across multiple servers and clusters. The main neural explanation is the Papez-Maclean limbic theory involving structures such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus which are implicated in reactive aggression. Neuroanatomically, the frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain lying in front of the central sulcus. Die Limbic® Map. Broca proposed olfactory structures to be the main components of the limbic system in mammalian brains (Broca 1878). Updated on August 17, 2021. Draw the following important anatomic landmarks: the corpus callosum, basal frontal lobe, thalamus, and the septum pellucidum. The hippocampus is an essential structure for learning and memory. It's been a few months and I'm still not sure where I stand on T/F, and. Key structures of the limbic system. Diseases can be subclassified based on their anatomic location, or the causative antibody. 1. In 1878, Paul Broca was the first to name this general region as the brain le grand lobe limbique. Sometimes temporal lobe seizures impair your ability to respond to others. Single or combined extracts may be diffused into inhaled air, used in massage oil, or added to bathwater. The limbic system and function are connected by the fight, flight, freeze system of the brain. Anticonvulsant effects of the neuropeptide galanin have been well established, and best described in models of limbic epilepsy (Haberman et al. The limbic system is an aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the. The limbic system. 14. ”. Left panel: Significant effects for the type of response on intra-regional ratio of activity (non-GABAergic c-Fos count/dual-labeled (DL) count; See Supplementary Table S1 for detailed comparisons). Structure Lateral view of cerebrum showing several cortices. Moving forward, let’s delve into the specific details of each geo data type. Abstract. This region is thought to have developed some time after the. Parts. g. Limbic definition: . It is involved in many vital neural circuits, which. Gyrus is a fold or "bulge" in the brain. 2 synonyms for limbic system: limbic brain, visceral brain. The limbic system is also involved in sensory perception, motor function, and olfaction. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Among them, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during adolescence illustrates the connection between trauma and substance misuse, as adolescents may utilize substances to cope. Most forms of LE fall into two main categories: infectious encephalitis and autoimmune encephalitis. 边缘系统. There is an emerging body of evidence suggesting that the cerebellum participates in limbic-related functions including emotion and affect. A stressful situation sends signals to activate the amygdala, which quickly processes that information. These cells allow some substances to reach the brain and block others. Synonyms for limbic in Free Thesaurus. Limbic lobe. Hobbies. The progression of the dorsal and ventral streams for cognition and memory across the four levels or cortical types is illustrated in Fig. View all. Limbic system Limbic lobe. The function only works on points and. Each cerebral hemisphere is generally divided into five lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insular lobes. Anatomical Directional Terms and Body Planes. A big number! All return values from geography calculations are in meters, so our answer is 9125km. Most of the brain is composed of white matter. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) efferent projections to limbic areas facilitate a top-down control on the execution of goal-directed behaviours. The posterior cingulate cortex receives spatial and action-related information. Treatable dementias occur in. It is composed of latitude and longitude that represents geospatial data. Upgrade to remove ads. Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____. Broca envisioned the limbic lobe as comprising the entire gray mantle, namely the. 14). @reckful, @Teybo and @Octavarium replied and we started talking about aspects of T/F and how it is affected by gender and the Big Five Limbic dimension. The geospatial module is currently in public preview. We investigated possible. of the limbic system—specifically the septum, which lies above the hypothalamus and has an inhibitory effect on aggression, and the amygdala, found deep in the temporal lobes and having the opposite effect. In anatomy, brain lobes are part of the cerebral cortex that subdivides the brain according to its functions. 2, including the sensory pathways into the limbic evaluative areas (here illustrated for vision) and the motor pathways with their limbic motive roots. The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on top of the brainstem and buried under the cortex. One function of the thalamus is to ____. It is associated with memory, attention, emotions, sexual urges, character,. It is made up of cells that line blood vessels of the brain. The limbic system is a network of structures located beneath the cerebral cortex. Sie Motive, Wünsche und Emotionen finden bei diesem Zielgruppenmodell Berücksichtigung und bieten eine hervorragende Ergänzung zu den Sinus Milieus oder den Lebensphasen, wenn es um strategische Zielgruppenmodelle geht. The limbic system consists of several interconnected components, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Behavior, motivation. Used with permission. Therefore, it was called the limbic system (on the edge). Use Soothing or Uplifting Essential Oils. For example, emotional responses, motivation, level of activation, and even some Types of memory . It is still meant to include structures between the cortex and the hypothalamus and brainstem, but different specialists have included different structures as part of the limbic system. The limbic system is an aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem. Gender-specific differences in this int. They provide evidence supporting two major divisions in the limbic system: a. Loss of interest in things. Parkinson's disease (PD) involves neuropathological changes in the limbic system that lead to neuronal loss and volumetric reductions of several nuclei. The hippocampus is an essential structure for learning and memory. The limbic system forms outer and inner rings around the diencephalon. Sports. Brain structure and its Origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. @reckful, @Teybo and @Octavarium replied and we started talking about aspects of T/F and how it is affected by gender and the Big Five Limbic dimension. The globus pallidus and putamen collectively form the lentiform (lenticular) nucleus, which lies beneath the insula. E. Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of disorders which vary along numerous dimensions, as shown in the table below. The cerebral cortex, also referred to as gray matter, covers the cerebrum, which is the largest portion of the brain. Its main components are the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampal. So a while back I made a type me thread because I was having trouble deciding if I was a thinker or feeler. L. Damage to the primary motor, supplemental motor, and premotor areas lead to. 4. 9. There are three major divisions of the brain, with each. The limbic lobe is a ring of cortex on the medial aspect of each hemisphere that surrounds the corpus callosum. The Take Away. e. The cerebral cortex is divided into six lobes: the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital , insular and limbic lobes. Amnesia caused by brain injury or damage is known as. These are closely related to Schmorl. Introduction and background. Portions of this material adapted from NIH Publication No. Experiment type: Expression profiling by array: Summary: The Mesio-Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) syndrome is the most common form of intractable epilepsies. 1 shows all the built-in general-purpose data types. The limbic lobe is a ring of cortex on the medial aspect of each hemisphere that surrounds the corpus callosum. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. The meaning of the term “limbic system” has changed since Broca’s time. It plays a vital role in forming and retrieving memories, spatial navigation, and emotional responses. S. where x and y are the respective coordinates, as floating-point numbers. limbic cortex: (1) Cingulate gyrus; gyrus cinguli [NA6]. 12 points. The amygdala is involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories. 12 points. Biofeedback is information supplied instantaneously about an individual’s own physiological processes. They generate the emotions you experience throughout the day. The limbic system is a complex set of structures that lies above and around the thalamus and just under the cerebrum (near the centre of the brain). It is in. 8) is situated in the medial aspect of each hemisphere. 術語「limbic」源自. ObjectivePatients’ olfactory function after autoimmune encephalitis (AE) involving limbic structures may be impaired. A large body of evidence indicates that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in certain forms of memory work (Barbey, et al. Because of the numerous functions of the limbic system, synapses within it are very active (high synaptic plasticity), so it is a region often associated with epilepsy. brain stem C. [1] Each nucleus has unique pathways as inputs and various projections as outputs, most of which send information to the cerebral cortex. First, let’s wrap our heads around some key terms and concepts. The limbic system, particularly the amygdala, has been associated with aggression. , The limbic system structure that influences aggression is called the: and more. This ring of cortex consists of the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and septal cortex. The basal ganglia specialize in processing information on movement and in fine-tuning the activity of brain circuits that determine the best possible response in a given situation. The cingulate cortex is a fascinating area of the human brain that has been the subject of neuroanatomical and therapeutic investigation owing to its role in various functions and pathologies. , Jun 19, 2013. The limbic lobe is a C-shaped region that crosses brain hemispheres within the cortex, including portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Reptilian Brain controls the body's vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and balance. In human nervous system: Basal ganglia. Die Limbic Geo Types bieten einen tiefen Einblick in die Gedankenwelt der Konsumenten. The anterior cingulate cortex receives information from the orbitofrontal cortex about reward and non-reward outcomes. Amygdala is one of the components of. The almond. Neuropsychiatric disturbances involving disruptions in these cognitive and emotional dimensions exhibit different prevalence rates for men and women. 1007/s002340050554. LATE is perhaps best characterized by the presence of hyperphosphorylated TDP-43, which plays multi. Initially introduced by Thomas Willis (1664) to designate a cortical border encircling the brainstem ( limbus. It activates the hypothalamus which tells the adrenal gland to send. 8. Hormones and neurotransmitters (those important chemical messengers) work in the limbic system and throughout the body. can be distinguished: (1) the caudate nucleus, (2) the putamen, (3) the globus pallidus, and (4) the amygdala. They study patterns of interaction between human cultures. human nervous system. Play Now. The limbic system plays a vital function in intangible functions like emotions, behavior, drive and memory. The cerebral cortex is responsible for integrating sensory impulses, directing motor activity, and controlling higher intellectual functions. Log in. a system of nerves and other structures in the brain that controls many of our emotions : 2…. Ventral Tegmental Area:. 1 synonym for hippocampus: genus Hippocampus. The limbic system. The OFC in the frontal-limbic system is known to be involved in emotional processing (Stalnaker et al. Gyri are surrounded by depressions known as sulci, and together they form the iconic folded surface of the brain. Other. It is also involved in the formation of long-term memory. The limbic system consists of several interconnected components, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Synonyms for hippocampus in Free Thesaurus. It is involved in emotions and behaviors, for instance, hunger, satiety, sexual arousal and even memory. The limbic system is a complex set of brain structures involved in emotion, motivation, memory, and behavior regulation. It is a paired structure that resides within the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and is perhaps most well-known as part of the limbic system. 1 ). Single or combined extracts may be diffused into inhaled air, used in massage oil, or added to bathwater. Which parts of the brain make up the limbic lobe is a subject for some debate, with some authors excluding structures that others include. forebrain, region of the developing vertebrate brain; it includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and, under these, the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The limbic system is made up of a number of different structures, but three of the most important are the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus (Figure 2). Points are output using the first syntax. PostgreSQL has a rich set of native data types available to users. hyperactivity SPECT imaging shows increased central limbic system activity and decreased prefrontal cortex activity This type responds best to stimulating antidepressants. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with pleasure and attuning to the environment during decision-making. A neural pathway is a bundle of axons that connects two or more different neurons, facilitating communication between them. e. 1 How brain structures enable mind processes: emotion. They include the thalamus found deep within the center of the brain. The cingulate gyrus is the curved fold covering the corpus callosum. Correct Answer. Which senses are affected by damage. You can use the phrase You can use the phrase H ungry H ounds A te P avlov to help you remember the four parts. For instance, it helps us to integrate location data with more descriptive information like what is present in that location. The limbic system plays an important part in regulation of human moods and emotions. 1. The Limbic ® Types focus on the complex emotional personality structures of consumers. The. Sie Motive, Wünsche und Emotionen finden bei diesem Zielgruppenmodell Berücksichtigung und bieten eine hervorragende Ergänzung zu den Sinus Milieus oder den Lebensphasen, wenn es um strategische Zielgruppenmodelle. @reckful, @Teybo and @Octavarium replied and we started talking about aspects of T/F and how it is affected by gender and the Big Five Limbic dimension. Download : Download high-res image (746KB) The limbic system is an aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral. This region is thought to have developed some time after the 'reptilian', or. The limbic system is the border zone where psychiatry meets neurology. Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Like LEO satellites, MEOs can take any orbital path around Earth; GEO satellites, however, must maintain a consistent path to achieve constant contact with a ground antenna. These are some questions that can be solved easily by applying this simple method. The brain is a complex organ that acts as the control center of the body. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The _____ is the place where most nerves connected to the brain link with the opposite side of the body. José Ma Mercader. What is encephalitis? Dr. Types and Stages of Memory Localized in Different Brain Regions . The hippocampus is an important part of the limbic system in the human brain that has essential roles in spatial navigation and the consolidation of information from short-term memory to. Filial imprinting helps infants to bond with their mothers. The brain is split into left and right hemispheres by a band of fibers called the corpus callosum. limbic system d. The limbic lobe refers to a specific group of anatomical structures found in the region of the cortex on. ; The limbic system regulates internal survival behaviors such as the fight-or-flight response, feeding, and reproduction. I've also been wondering if, perhaps, limbic types tend to be more empathetic; if you're quite emotional yourself, I guess that makes it easier to. Such emotional understanding may lead to someone. Infant brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising approach for studying early neurodevelopment. The limbic system is a brain region that acts like a networking system. Limbic system functioning is integral to the control and modulation of affect, motivation, reward, and memory. His body prepares for movement by serotonin release in the substantia nigra. The limbic lobe comprises four C-shaped arches stretching from the medial surface of the frontal lobe to the temporal pole. . To do so, first, above the corpus callosum, label the cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is part of the limbic system, a neural network that mediates many aspects of emotion and memory. Then we have the cerebral cortex, this is where the right and left hemispheres, and the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortexes of the brain are located. Tying your shoe. Basal Nuclei Function . 6 supports geospatial data. •Multimodal Association Areas – make associations between different types of stimuli. Usually, it begins with ‘flu-like’ symptoms followed by neurological deterioration, which may include personality and behavioural changes, seizures, weakness and difficulties in communication. The anterior nuclear group is composed primarily of the anteromedial and anteroventral nuclei. It is susceptible to damage from injury, stress, and disease, including psychiatric and neurological. This is mostly due to the amount of blood vessels in the lungs that take up the oils and then. The limbic system predominantly controls appropriate responses to stimuli with social, emotional, or motivational salience, which includes innate behaviors such as mating, aggression, and defense. The medial cortex was named by Broca (1824–80), as “the great limbic lobe,” due to its oval shape (in French, limbique means hoop). cerebellumIntroduction. Older versions of PostGIS supported very basic calculations over the sphere using the ST_Distance_Spheroid(point, point, measurement) function. The brains of all mammals, including people, contain four lobes in the cortex, including the occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes. The thalamus can divide into approximately 60 regions called nuclei. Amygdaloid body. io. Limbic patterns of activity shift in accordance with the behavioral response of underwater trauma (UWT) rats. Such cues can be visual (robins will vigorously attack a bunch of red feathers placed in their territory), auditory (robins will also attack a tape recorder playing the song of another. The name amygdala is derived from the Greek word amygdale, meaning “almond,” owing to the structure’s almondlike shape. This type of dementia, called multi-infarct, or vascular, dementia, results from a series of small strokes that progressively destroy the brain. In 1878, Paul Broca was the first to name this general region as the brain le grand lobe limbique. Amygdala. hexameter, a line of verse containing six feet, usually dactyls (′ ˘ ˘). It includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and several other nearby areas. This neurotransmitter is the master mood regulator. • For example, regardless of medical or dental specialty, all of you will encounterThree-dimensional reconstruction of limbic system tracts in the human brain based on DTI. Anthropology. In addition to the core symptoms, the unique characteristics of Type 5 Limbic ADD include: Moodiness. 边缘系统. The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres and is folded into peaks called gyri, and grooves called sulci. Generally, the thalamus acts as a relay station filtering information between the brain and body. The limbic system is a group of structures in the brain that governs emotions, motivation, olfaction, and behavior. A group of structures in the brain that includes the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. The basal ganglia and related nuclei are characterized as one of three types of nuclei. Learning- Without the hippocampi, consolidation of long-term memories of verbal or symbolic thinking type is poor or does not take place. News Extinct Sea Creature Fossils Help Solve Ancient Geography PuzzleA big number! All return values from geography calculations are in meters, so our answer is 9125km. Emotional Stability - Limbic and Calm type. Similar questions apply to what a teen is saying; for the different types of “limbic behavior” are associated with distinctive types of vocalization. The recent work in this field emphasizes that subjective tinnitus has two components: there is the pure auditory symptom of hearing a constant but non-existent. The limbic system is a complex set of brain structures involved in emotion, motivation, memory, and behavior regulation. The limbic system describes a complex of brain structures central for memory, learning, as well as goal directed and emotional behavior. 1). In the epileptic brain synchronization becomes pathological thus generating seizures and several kinds of interictal activity as well as fast ripples (>250 Hz). These fundamental features of living depend on the entire. The hippocampus is part of a larger structure of the temporal lobe called the hippocampal formation. Reconstructed fibers are; cingulum (cg, dark green), fornix (fx, light. The limbic system, especially the amygdala, plays a vital role in controlling various emotional behaviors, such as fear, rage, anxiety, etc. Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia. The limbic system is the border zone where psychiatry meets neurology. Points are the fundamental two-dimensional building block for geometric types. 9276837. What are synonyms for hippocampus? PeFA Ucn3 neurons receive input from areas associated with vomeronasal sensing, stress, and parenting, and send projections to hypothalamic and limbic areas. The word limbic (Latin word for border) first introduced by Thomas Willis designating a cortical border structure encircling the brainstem (Thomas Willis 1664). Hippocampus: •vulnerable to damage from anoxia, stress, environmental toxins •often is epileptogenic focus . Conclusion.